Marketing Planning, Orientations and Concepts Free Essays

Presentation Far †arriving at changes have been occurring in the Indian economy during the ongoing past, consequents to the opening up of our economy through globalization and advancement approaches. The conduits have experienced opened up to permit global rivalry for produced products and just as administrations, making it an issue of natural selection in any industry. In the present exceptionally serious economy, which can be called as Buyer’s showcase, the client uses full force. We will compose a custom article test on Showcasing Planning, Orientations and Concepts or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now He can make or wreck an organization. No big surprise that the aggregate call to war from deals and showcasing individuals, retailers, wholesalers and publicizing wizards the same is currently ‘Serve the customer’, or ‘Delight the customer’. The client who was viewed as the ’King’ is currently rewarded practically like ‘God’, copying the exceptionally fruitful showcasing individuals of Japan. At the point when shopper desires become ever more elevated, prevalent market driven systems or client driven methodologies and their execution in the market are significant. Organizations must be completely client situated to prevail in the present serious situation, and ought to â€Å"Think Customer†, â€Å"Live for Customer†, â€Å"Smell Customer†, and â€Å"Build Customer Relations†. Promoting â€Å"Marketing is characterized as a social and administrative procedure by which people and gatherings get what they need and need through making and trading items and qualities with others†. †(PHILIP KOTLER 2007) THE AMERICAN MARKETING ASSOCIATION characterizes promoting as â€Å"Marketing is an exhibition of Business exercises that coordinates the progression of products and enterprises from maker to client or user†. These conventional definitions have experienced a few changes and the new form is given as â€Å"Marketing is a cultural procedure by which people and gatherings acquire what they need and need through making, offering, and unreservedly trading items and administrations of qualities with others†. Therefore showcasing is a correspondence channel through which the business and customers are imparted. Showcasing PLAN A showcasing plan is a proper explanation of a lot of business objectives, the motivation behind why they are accepted achievable, and the arrangement for arriving at objectives and the method of coming to the client going to their item. Field-tested strategies may target changes in recognition and marking by the client, customer, citizen, or bigger network. While dealing with a business, a field-tested strategy, or B-plan, is regularly mistaken for the term Marketing Plan. Advertising plans are dynamic devices. There is no fixed substance for an advertising plan. Or maybe the substance and organization of the showcasing plan is controlled by the objectives and crowd. (Deboreh 2010) A showcasing plan speaks to all parts of business arranging process; pronouncing vision and technique close by sub-plans to cover advertising, account, tasks, HR just as a lawful arrangement, when required. For instance, a marketable strategy for a non-benefit may talk about the fit between the field-tested strategy and the organization’s mission. Banks are very worried about defaults, so a field-tested strategy for a bank credit will manufacture a persuading case for the organization’s capacity to reimburse the advance. Financial speculators are fundamentally worried about introductory venture, attainability, and leave valuation. A field-tested strategy for a venture required value financing should clarify why current assets, forthcoming development openings, and maintainable upper hand will prompt a high leave valuation. Setting up a Marketing plan draws on a wide scope of information from a wide range of business disciplines: money, human asset the executives, licensed innovation the board, flexibly chain the board, tasks the executives, and showcasing among others. â€Å"A great Marketing plan can assist with making a decent business believable, reasonable, and alluring to somebody who is new to the business. Composing a decent Marketing arrangement can’t ensure achievement, however it can go long route toward diminishing the chances of failure†. THE MARKETING ORIENTATIONS OR CONCEPTS The showcasing capacity or exercises are led by different organizations dependent on six other option or directions. They are: The Production Concept The Product Concept The Selling Concept The Marketing Concept The Customer Concept The Societal Marketing Concept The Production Concept The creation Concept accepts that customers will support items that are promptly accessible at sensible costs. Improvement underway and dissemination proficiency will be the concentration for administrations under this idea. At the point when the interest for an item surpasses the flexibly, makers have too increment creation. When the product’s cost is excessively high, the administration needs to bring it down to moderate levels. Creation idea, however helpful in certain circumstances, could bring about ‘Marketing Myopia’, as indicated by Theodore Levitt. Organizations following this idea center too barely around their own exercises and dismiss the genuine target of customer’s need fulfillment. The Product Concept The item idea accepts that the customers will support items that offer the most in quality, execution imaginative highlights. Nonstop enhancements in item and quality are basic for organizations that follow the item idea. Along these lines, this idea may likewise prompt Marketing Myopia. The Selling Concept This idea accepts that the shoppers won't accepting enough of the company’s items except if it embraces pressure selling strategies and substantial advancement endeavors. Purchasers are accepted to have a purchasing inactivity. This idea is particularly utilized for unsought merchandise which purchasers don't consider purchasing, similar to burial ground plots, extra security, and so on. The Marketing Concept This idea accepts that accomplishing the company’s destinations relies upon understanding the necessities needs of target advertises and conveying the ideal fulfillment in a superior manner than what the contenders are doing. The Customer Concept Numerous organizations are today moving past the promoting idea to the client idea. These organizations shape separate offers, administrations and messages to singular clients, in light of their individual inclinations. They would like to accomplish productive development through catching a bigger portion of each customer’s consumptions by building high customer’s dependability and concentrating on customer’s life time esteem. Model: Barbie Dolls, Levi Strauss pants, Dell Computers. The Societal Marketing Concept This idea accepts that associations ought to decide the requirements, needs and premiums of target markets. It should then convey better an incentive than the clients in a manner that keeps up or improves the consumer’s and the society’s prosperity. Society (Human government assistance, condition) Buyers (Needs, needs and Company (Sales volume, benefits Fulfillment) and development) Promoting PLANNING PROCESS The promoting Planning process comprises of the accompanying exercises: Dissecting market openings Choosing objective markets Building up the advertising blend Dealing with the advertising endeavors. At the focal point of the procedure stand the customers. The goal is to assemble a solid and productive client relationship. The initial step is advertise division, focusing on and situating, to clients the organization should serve and how. This procedure recognizes the all out market, and afterward isolates it into littler sections. The subsequent stage is to structure a promoting blend comprising of variables under its influence like : I. Item II. Spot III. Cost IV. Advancement For recognizing best promoting blend mix and to place enthusiastically, the organization takes part in the exercises like: I. Showcasing investigation II. Arranging III. Execution IV. Control exercises With the assistance of these, the organization watches embrace to the entertainers and powers in the advertising condition around it. Fig. The Marketing Planning Process 1, 2, 3,4 DENOTES: 1Marketing Intermediaries 3 Market arranging 2 Marketing Control 4 Competitors Advancement OF MARKETING MIX The showcasing chief is a blender of fixings, as per JAMES CULLITON, a prominent Marketing master, who instituted the expression,† Marketing Mix† â€Å"The promoting blend is the arrangement of controllable, strategic, showcasing instruments that the firm mixes to create the reaction it needs in the objective market† †(PHILIP KOTLER 2007) The promoting blend comprises of the factors, for example, Item Cost Spot Advancement These are notable as the Four P’s of Marketing as grouped by McCarthy and this figure beneath gives away from about the factors of promoting blend and its different devices. Spot represents the products and ventures offered by an organization to the objective market, to fulfill needs and needs. Value alludes to cash esteem that the buyers need to pay to purchase for the item or administrations. Advancement alludes to the exercises of Advertising, individual selling, deals advancement, advertising and conveying items advantages and credits to target clients to convince them to buy. Spot represents physical conveyance exercises through which the items moves from the business to the clients. To be fruitful, the showcasing programs need to mix the 4 factors into a perfect coordinated activity plan planned for accomplishing the corporate target. While the 4 P’s ideas identifies with the merchants point of view of the market. The different P’s which are incorporated as 7 P’s of advertising seem to be: Bundling Situating Individuals Bundling is the fifth component of the promoting blend, which alludes to the external p

Special Interests Groups and Political Participation

Exceptional Interests Groups and Political Participation Exceptional InterestAs kids growing up we figure out how to battle hunger from our folks and schools. The schools would report an appetite drive, normally around the special seasons and guardians would give their youngsters two or three jars of corn to bring to class and for the vast majority of us, that was the degree of our commitment to the battle against hunger.We need to accomplish more. The battle against appetite ought not stop inside the dividers of our schools. It starts with every distinctive individual, each can in turn and with the assistance of networks around the country we can accomplish the battle against hunger.Approximately 16.2% of youngsters in the U.S. live in destitution (U.S. Enumeration Bureau, Poverty in the United States: 2000, Current Population Reports, September 2001). The U.S. youngster destitution rate is higher than that of most other industrialized nations.In 2000, marginally the greater part of all food stamp beneficiaries were children.The Connectic ut State Capitol, in downtown Hartfor...About 68% of these kids were young. The greater part of the food stamp family units with kids were going by single grown-ups, with half of these families accepting money help with expansion to food stamp benefits. (Joined State Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service, Characteristics of Food Stamp Households: Fiscal Year 2000, October 2001).The objective segment zone of this report is in the province of Connecticut. As per the U.S. Statistics Bureau the Percent of Persons in Poverty by in the province of Connecticut in 2000, 2001, and 2002 is a follows:2000 - 2001 (2-year normal) 7.5%2001 - 2002 (2-year normal) 7.8%2000 - 2002 (3-year normal) 7.8%Arkansas was recorded as the most elevated at 18%, the least is New Hampshire at 5.6%.Democratic ProcessThe Connecticut Public Interest Research Group (ConnPIRG) is a particular vested party that...

Thanksgivings History and FDRs Involvement

Thanksgiving's History and FDR's Involvement U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had a great deal to consider in 1939. The world had been experiencing the Great Depression for 10 years and the Second World War had recently ejected in Europe. In addition, the U.S. economy kept on looking dreary. So when U.S. retailers implored him to move Thanksgiving up seven days to expand the shopping days before Christmas, FDR concurred. He most likely thought of it as a little change; nonetheless, when FDR gave his Thanksgiving Proclamation with the new date, there was a turmoil all through the nation. The First Thanksgiving As most schoolchildren know, the historical backdrop of Thanksgiving started when Pilgrims and Native Americans assembled to praise a fruitful gather. The principal Thanksgiving was held in the fall of 1621, at some point between September 21 and November 11, and was a three-day feast. The Pilgrims were joined by roughly ninety of the nearby Wampanoag clan, including Chief Massasoit, in festivity. They ate fowl and deer for certain and undoubtedly likewise ate berries, fish, mollusks, plums, and bubbled pumpkin. Inconsistent Thanksgivings In spite of the fact that the present occasion of Thanksgiving depended on the 1621 dining experience, it didn't quickly turn into a yearly festival or occasion. Inconsistent long stretches of Thanksgiving followed, generally proclaimed locally to express appreciation for a particular occasion, for example, the finish of a dry spell, triumph in a particular fight, or after a gather. It wasnt until October 1777 that every one of the thirteen settlements commended a day of Thanksgiving. The absolute first national day of Thanksgiving was held in 1789, when President George Washington announced Thursday, November 26 to be a day of open thanksgiving and petition, to particularly express gratefulness for the chance to shape another country and the foundation of another constitution. However significantly following a national day of Thanksgiving was proclaimed in 1789, Thanksgiving was not a yearly festival. Mother of Thanksgiving We owe the cutting edge idea of Thanksgiving to a lady named Sarah Josepha Hale. Solidness, editorial manager of Godeys Ladys Book and writer of the celebrated Mary Had a Little Lamb nursery rhyme, went through forty years supporting for a national, yearly Thanksgiving occasion. In the years paving the way to the Civil War, she considered the to be as an approach to inject expectation and faith in the country and the Constitution. Along these lines, when the United States was torn into equal parts during the Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln was scanning for an approach to unite the country, he examined the issue with Hale. Lincoln Sets Date On October 3, 1863, Lincoln gave a Thanksgiving Proclamation that proclaimed the last Thursday in November (in view of Washingtons date) to be a day of thanksgiving and recognition. Just because, Thanksgiving turned into a national, yearly occasion with a particular date. FDR Changes It For seventy-five years after Lincoln gave his Thanksgiving Proclamation, succeeding presidents regarded the custom and every year gave their own Thanksgiving Proclamation, proclaiming the last Thursday in November as the day of Thanksgiving. Be that as it may, in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt didn't. In 1939, the last Thursday of November would have been November 30. Retailers grumbled to FDR this lone left twenty-four shopping days to Christmas and beseeched him to push Thanksgiving only multi week sooner. It was resolved that a great many people do their Christmas shopping in the wake of Thanksgiving and retailers trusted that with an additional seven day stretch of shopping, individuals would purchase more. So when FDR reported his Thanksgiving Proclamation in 1939, he proclaimed the date of Thanksgiving to be Thursday, November 23, the second-to-last Thursday of the month. Discussion The new date for Thanksgiving created a great deal of turmoil. Schedules were presently wrong. Schools who had arranged excursions and tests presently needed to reschedule. Thanksgiving had been a major day for football match-ups, as it is today, so the game timetable must be inspected. Political rivals of FDR and numerous others scrutinized the Presidents option to change the occasion and focused on the breaking of point of reference and negligence for custom. Many accepted that changing a loved occasion just to pacify organizations was not an adequate explanation behind a change. Atlantic Citys city hall leader slanderously called November 23 as Franksgiving. Two Thanksgivings in 1939? Prior to 1939, the President every year reported his Thanksgiving Proclamation and afterward governors followed the President in authoritatively announcing a similar day as Thanksgiving for their state. In 1939, be that as it may, numerous governors didn't concur with FDRs choice to change the date and along these lines wouldn't tail him. The nation got split on which Thanksgiving day they ought to watch. Twenty-three states followed FDRs change and announced Thanksgiving to be November 23. Twenty-three different states couldn't help contradicting FDR and saved the customary date for Thanksgiving, November 30. Two states, Colorado and Texas, chose to respect the two dates. This thought of two Thanksgiving days split some familiesâ because not every person had that day away from work. Accomplished It Work? In spite of the fact that the turmoil caused numerous dissatisfactions the nation over, the inquiry stayed with regards to whether the all-encompassing Christmas shopping season made individuals spend more, in this way helping the economy. The appropriate response was no. Organizations detailed that the spending was around the equivalent, however the conveyance of the shopping was changed. For those states who commended the prior Thanksgiving date, the shopping was equally dispersed all through the season. For those states that kept the customary date, organizations encountered a main part of shopping in the most recent week before Christmas. What Befell Thanksgiving the Following Year? In 1940, FDR again declared Thanksgiving to be the second-to-last Thursday of the month. This time, thirty-one states tailed him with the prior date and seventeen kept the customary date. Disarray more than two Thanksgivings proceeded. Congress Fixes It Lincoln had set up the Thanksgiving occasion to unite the nation, however the disarray over the date change was destroying it. On December 26, 1941, Congress passed a law announcing that Thanksgiving would happen each year on the fourth Thursday of November.

Winston Churchill Essays (1785 words) - Winston Churchill, Churchill

Winston Churchill Winston Churchill, conceived on Nov. 30, 1874, at Blenheim Palace, the well known castle close to Oxford worked by the country for John Churchill, first duke of Marlborough, the extraordinary warrior. Blenheim, named after Marlborough's most stupendous triumph (1704), implied a lot to Winston Churchill. In the grounds there he got connected with to his future spouse, Clementine Ogilvy Hozier (b. 1885). He later composed his verifiable magnum opus, The Life and Times of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, with the chronicles of Blenheim behind him. English on his dad's side, American on his mother's, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill epitomized and communicated the twofold imperativeness and the national characteristics of the two people groups. His names vouch for the lavishness of his noteworthy legacy: Winston, after the Royalist family with whom the Churchills wedded before the English Civil War; Leonard, after his wonderful granddad, Leonard Jerome of New York; Spencer, the wedded name of a girl of the first duke of Marlborough, from whom the family plunged; Churchill, the family name of the first duke, which his descendents continued after the Battle of Waterloo. Every one of these strands meet up in a profession that had no equal in British history for wealth, range, length, and accomplishment. Churchill took a main part in establishing the frameworks of the government assistance state in Britain, in setting up the Royal Navy for World War I, and in settling the political limits in the Middle East after the war. In WORLD WAR II rose as the pioneer of the unified British country and Commonwealth to stand up to the German mastery of Europe, as an inspirer of the obstruction among free people groups, and as a prime draftsman of triumph. In this, and in the battle against socialism a while later, he made himself a vital connection between the English and American people groups, for he predicted that the best barrier for the free world was the meeting up of the English-talking people groups. Significantly verifiably disapproved, he likewise had prophetic foreknowledge: British-American solidarity was the message of his last incredible book, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. He was a mix of trooper, author, craftsman, and legislator. He was not really great as a negligible gathering government official. Like Julius Caesar, he stands apart not just as a extraordinary man of activity, yet as an essayist of it as well. He had virtuoso; as a man he was beguiling, gay, chipper, charming. With respect to individual imperfections, such a man was bound to be an extraordinary self seeker; if that is a deformity. So solid a character was adept to be domineering. He was something of a card shark, in every case too ready to even think about taking dangers. In his previous vocation, individuals considered him unequal judgment mostly from the exceptionally abundance of his energies and endowments. That is the most terrible that can be said of him. With no other incredible man is the recognizable legend all the more consistent with the realities. We know everything to think about him; there was no mask. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a more youthful child of the seventh duke of Marlborough. His mom was Jennie Jerome; and as her mom, Clara Hall, was one-quarter Iroquois, Sir Winston had an Indian strain in him. Master Randolph, a splendid Conservative pioneer who had been chancellor of the exchequer in his 30's, passed on when just 46, in the wake of destroying his vocation. His child composed that one could not experience childhood in that family unit without understanding that there had been a calamity out of sight. It was an early spike to him to attempt to compensate for his talented father's disappointment, in legislative issues and recorded as a hard copy, yet on the turf. Youthful Winston, however the grandson of a duke, needed to make his own specific manner on the planet, gaining his living by his tongue and his pen. In this he had the comradeship of his mom, who was consistently fearless and resolute. Rejoining his regiment, he was sent to serve in India. Here, other than his dependence on polo, he went on genuinely with his instruction, which for his situation was a lot of self-training. His mom conveyed to him boxes of books, and Churchill ingested the entire of Gibbon and Macaulay, and quite a bit of Darwin. The impact of the history specialists is to be watched every single through howdy works and in his perspective on. The impact of Darwin isn't less detectable in his way of thinking of life: that all life is a battle, the odds of endurance favor the fittest, chance is an extraordinary component in the game, the game is to be played with

Carbon-Fibre Composite Materials Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carbon-Fiber Composite Materials - Coursework Example There are various sorts of car. A vehicle is the most well-known sort of car containing to a great extent in the ease of use in human populace. Fundamentally, the essential pieces of a vehicle incorporates: the outside, lights, inside, chasis, brakes, suspension, and motor. Materials utilized for the different pieces of a vehicle needs to satisfy different models and conform to guidelines and enactments that guarantees the security and natural worries of the machines. Customarily, materials utilized for car parts creation involves metallic materials, aluminum, steel, magnesium and other metallic combinations. Notwithstanding, with the ascent of present day innovation where different examination found new inquires about, huge numbers of the metallic pieces of vehicle are currently supplanted with materials comprised of composite materials (Ghassemieh). Composite materials, for example, carbon-fiber composites have been generally applied in car preparing. Carbon filaments are those fib er materials got from carbon. They are combined and bound with different materials, for example, polymer saps handled under warmth, weight and vacuum to determine the unique properties for the composites (Johnson, T. n.d). They are considered as new variety for high quality materials. It contains about 90% carbon fiber which is truly tough and solid. They are truly appropriate when utilized in applications requiring firmness, quality, lesser weight and prevalent exhaustion attributes (Hegde, et al. 2004). Carbon Fiber composite polymers or CFRP are conceived in vehicle fabricating as they are lightweight.

Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment

Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, & Treatment Addiction Drug Use Heroin Print How Long Does Withdrawal From Heroin Last? By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 01, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on September 01, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Signs & Symptoms Coping & Relief Warnings Long-Term Treatment View All Back To Top If you have been using heroin for a while, whether as a regular pattern, in binges, or if you have become dependent, you may want to know what to expect if you stop taking heroin and start having heroin withdrawal symptoms. Verywell /  Cindy Chung Overview If you have become addicted to heroin, you are likely to experience withdrawal when you quit, but withdrawal symptoms can also appear following heavy use. Physically, heroin withdrawal may feel like having the flu. People often experience nausea, diarrhea, runny nose, achiness, tremors, fatigue, chills, and sweats. More severe symptoms can also occur such as difficulty breathing, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. How Long Will Heroin Withdrawal Last? The initial comedown of heroin withdrawal can vary in time and intensity. Typically, withdrawal symptoms will begin 6 to 12 hours after the last dose, peaking within 1 to 3 days, and gradually subsiding over 5 to 7 days. However, some users experience weeks or months of withdrawal symptoms, known as post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS). What to Know About Heroin Use Signs Symptoms Using heroin is a bit like taking out a loanâ€"you experience some borrowed good feelings during the high, but then you have to pay back that debt as you go through withdrawal. It is only after you have paid back the debt that you can return to normal and feel better again naturally. Everyone’s experience of heroin withdrawal is different, but here are some of the most common symptoms. Fever Body temperature varies from one individual to the next, as well as factors like time of day and menstrual cycle, but generally, a temperature of 99â€"99.5 F (37.2â€"37.5 C) is considered to be a fever in adults. A fever is one way your body fights illnesses or infections, but when you are going through heroin withdrawal, the fever is not serving a useful purpose in fighting infection, so there is unlikely to be harm in taking steps to control it. Seek medical assistance immediately if your temperature goes above 103 F (40 C), and doesnt come down with treatment; if you have a serious medical illness, such as a heart problem, sickle cell anemia, diabetes, HIV, or cystic fibrosis; or if you have a seizure. Heroin Cravings Most people who are withdrawing from heroin experience a strong desire to take more heroin.?? This is known as experiencing cravings and is common among people withdrawing from many addictive substances. Part of the craving is driven by the wish to reduce the symptoms of heroin withdrawal, and part of it is the desire to re-experience the pleasure of the heroin high. How to Cope With Withdrawal Cravings Mood Changes Feeling depressed, anxious, or irritable, also known as having a dysphoric mood, is a normal part of heroin withdrawal.?? Even without a traumatic past, these mood changes would be expected, but many people who use heroin experience long-suppressed feelings related to past trauma or abuse when they come off the drug. This is one of the reasons it is important to have emotional support while you are going through withdrawal. Although these feelings are often intense during heroin withdrawal, they tend to become less intense once the withdrawal stage is over. If you are withdrawing in a treatment facility, make the most of the support offered, and try and have support arranged in the community when your stay is over. If the feelings of depression or distress do not pass, you should see your doctor for appropriate treatment. Aches and Pains Part of the way heroin works is to block the bodys pain pathways. When you withdraw from heroin, there is a rebound effect, and you feel achy, particularly in the back and legs, and feel more sensitive to pain.?? Excessive Bodily Fluids As you go through heroin withdrawal, you may experience an overproduction of bodily fluids, such as sweat, tears, and a runny nose.?? You may also notice your hairs standing on end. As with other physical withdrawal symptoms, these responses are part of your body bringing itself into balance. Diarrhea and Stomach Pain Diarrhea or loose, watery, and frequent bowel movements are also common with heroin withdrawal.?? These symptoms may be accompanied by stomach pain caused by spasms in the digestive system. The discomfort of diarrhea stomach pain and fears about having accidents may make it difficult to go about your regular routine. Nausea and Vomiting Although these symptoms are distressing, nausea and vomiting are normal aspects of heroin withdrawal.?? It wears you out, makes you feel very uncomfortable, puts you off your food, and keeps you close to the bathroom. Coping With Withdrawal-Induced Nausea Restlessness and Sleep Problems People going through heroin withdrawal often experience restlessness, which, coupled with anxiety and insomnia, can make you feel agitated. Heroin withdrawal often causes sleep problems, particularly insomnia (having trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep). Yawning is also common.?? Coping Relief While heroin withdrawal can be intense and uncomfortable, the worst of the symptoms usually pass within a week. During this time, there are some things that you can do to help yourself feel more comfortable. Ask for help: Whether you are getting support at home from someone you trust or going to a treatment facility, you should have the support you can rely on as you go through withdrawal. Having someone with you can ensure that you are safe and have someone to talk to about what you are experiencing.Stay hydrated: Because the withdrawal process is usually accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea, it is important to make sure that you are taking in enough fluids to avoid becoming dehydrated.Stay busy: Make sure that you have a way to stay occupied during your withdrawal. Watching television or movies is a good choice, especially since you probably wont be feeling well physically for at least a few days. If you have a friend there to help, you can even plan brief activities outside of the house as you start to feel a little better.Manage symptoms with OTC medications. Over-the-counter pain relievers and antidiarrheals can help keep your fever, pain, and diarrhea in check, but always be sure t o only take the indicated dosages.Try acupuncture. Although acupuncture has been reported to sometimes benefit people who are withdrawing from methadone, more research is needed to conclusively recommend it as a treatment for heroin withdrawal symptoms. Warnings While many people get adequate medical help during heroin withdrawal, some do not. One reason is that they may not believe anything can help them feel better other than more heroin or opiates. However, medications can be prescribed that will help reduce the discomfort of heroin withdrawal symptoms, so if possible, see a physician as soon as possible before or after beginning the withdrawal process. It is also important to realize that anyone who has gone through heroin withdrawal is at an increased risk of overdose due to opiate tolerance. Once a person has developed a tolerance to a drug, it takes a larger dose to experience the same effects. If the same dose they took before they went through withdrawal is taken again after or during, there is a strong chance of an accidental overdose.   If heroin withdrawal symptoms become severe, hospitalization may be required. Doctors can treat these symptoms with prescription medications such as clonidine, which can reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Long-Term Treatment Following acute heroin withdrawal, people typically go through a protracted period lasting around six months when they often experience strong drug cravings as well as reduced feelings of wellness. This can increase the risk of relapse, which is why additional treatments are important to help ensure long-term recovery. Such treatments can include behavioral therapies and pharmacological treatments. The National Institute on Drug Abuse reports that medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone have been shown to increase the effectiveness of treatment programs in the long-term. Behavioral approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and  contingency management are two types of therapy that are often used to treat heroin addiction. Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on helping people change thoughts and behaviors that contribute to drug use, where contingency management rewards people for staying drug-free with vouchers that can then be exchanged for desired rewards.   Treatment for heroin use often combines these behavioral approaches with medication. Resources In addition to friends and medical professionals, there are also online resources that can help you during heroin withdrawal. Support groups such as Narcotics Anonymous offer information and resources that can help you during your recovery. You can also call the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administrations (SAMHSA) free, national hotline at 1-800-662-4357, or use their online treatment locator, to find treatment services in your area. A Word From Verywell Heroin withdrawal can be unpleasant, but your individual experience will depend on factors that include the frequency, amount, and duration of your drug use. Finding support during this time is critical for successful recovery, so do not hesitate to reach out to loved ones and talk to your doctor.

Sri Meenakshi Devasthanam - Free Essay Example

Sri Meenakshi Devasthanam is a very large Hindu temple located in Pearland. It was finished in 1982 but has continuously been under construction for the new temples that are being added every few years. It is believed to be the third Hindu temple to be built in the U.S. It is also the only temple outside of India dedicated to worshipping Meenakshi, the wife of Shiva. It has a very similar architecture to the temples in India. The Pearland temple is a replica of the original Sri Meenakshi temple back in India. The temple is very well maintained and is a very peaceful house of God. Although the Hindu population of Houston and specifically the Pearland area is very small the temple can get very crowded during festivals. There are two main temple complexes on the entire campus. The deity of the main temple is Meenakshi as well as Venkateshwara and Sundareswara. According to the agamas, a collection of scriptures made by a collection of Hindu schools, The deities were installed with yantras, a geometrical diagram that serves as a meditation tool. Shivas vahana, vehicle, Nandi, is directly across Shiva. Vishnus vahana, Garuda, is directly across Venkateswara. The other temple contains the idol of Ganesha and Navagraha, nine astronomical bodies and mythical deities of Hinduism. The Ganesh temple also has peacocks and peahens. Many of the worship services known as puja are held in this temple. There are a total of three gopurams, entrance towers of a Hindu temple, and four prakara temples which is an outer part of Hindu temple sanctuary. Almost every inch of the open temple has carved decorations with symbolic significance. The temple has a library as well as a kitchen and dining hall where you can buy indian food. Before entering the temple it is necessary to remove shoes out of respect for God to keep his house clean. You can then be directed to a wash area if you need cleansing. The dress code is very simple and only requires members to wear something that covers knees and shoulders. This dress code is applicable to both men and women. The spiritual leader of the temple is the pand it, a Hindu priest, whose duty is to maintain the temple, prepare and distribute offerings, perform rituals and ceremonies, and lead devotions in the worship. Another leader that was found in the temple was the acharyan which is Sanskrit for guru. Their job is to teach divine personality and to help ordinary members and followers understand the scriptures. Services are conducted by a pujari who is a trained priest. Puja, the worship service, is a religious ceremony where Hindus demonstrate their faithfulness to their specific god or divine being with rituals, prayers, or music. When performing the puja, the priest tries to connect to the deity by using the shrine. The shrine is usually decorated with flowers and different offerings brought by the worshippers. The pandit began the ceremony with a purification process. The priest then chanted a prayer in Sanskrit which is a ancient language of India. He then made gestures with his hands to attract the deity, then made an offering to the god. He then dressed the icon in new clothes and waved a lamp over it and carried it to the bakhta, worshippers, to bless them. After this the pandit passed out prasads, offerings, to the worshippers. Although not witnessed, another way to perfor m prayers is with bhajans, these are songs that are sung in front of the deity. After you complete your prayer you can leave as you please or go to the dining hall to eat. The whole experience can be described as holy and spiritually enlightening.

Will Work for Room and Board Prison Labor in America Essay

American prisoners receive free medical attention, housing, meals, utilities, use of exercise equipment, and laundry services. The cost of these services amount in the billions of dollars a year and government budgets are straining to accommodate these fiscal requirements. â€Å"There’s special urgency in prisons these days,† â€Å"As state budgets get constricted, the public is looking for ways to offset the cost of imprisonment† (Brown). This economic concern requires work programs to aid in the relief of financial burdens incurred from convicted criminals. Once found guilty of a crime the prisoner needs to take responsibility for the costs incurred. Prison labor has evolved from the day of hard labor, breaking rocks, and making license plates to†¦show more content†¦The Inmate Work Act has fueled rapid expansion of Oregon prison industries in the past few years and has paved the way for many joint ventures† (Oregon). â€Å"In addition, during the last 20 years more than 30 states have passed laws permitting the use of convict labor by commercial enterprises. These programs now exist in 36 states† (Whyte). Even though people used work programs in the past for personal profit and prison labor has been compared to slavery the programs are successful. Corrupt people are removed from their positions with their exposure by outside organizations. Watchdog groups are necessary for any industry, including the prison work force, and are welcomed. As with any organization, there will always be some bad apples. In American prisons workers are paid for work performed. Presently 80,000 inmates are employed manufacturing blue jeans, auto parts, electronics, furniture, handling reservations, telemarketing, data entry, record keeping, desk top publishing, digital mapping, computer-aided design work, auto repairs and, are paid at a rate of $.21 to $.50 an hour (Whyte). Fortunately, work programs will relieve taxpayers burden and hold the criminal financially responsible for their actions. During the sentencing phase of a trial a prisoner is ordered to pay a victim compensation for damages or loss but is unable to due to incarceration with no income, andShow MoreRelatedOvercrowded Jails and Prisons1821 Words   |  7 Pages Why are prison and jail so overcrowded? Could it be we need to establish a better program for rehabilitating the inmates? For many years now rehabilitation has been an issue within the Criminal Justice System. The debate of should these criminals be punished or should they be rehabilitated. What is the reason for our jails and prisons for becoming so full? Is it because we simply like to house criminals to keep them off the streets or do we truly not know how to rehabilitate them back in to societyRead More Alta California was the Last Expansion of Spain’s Empire in North America.1427 Words   |  6 PagesCalifornia occurred in the mid 1530s when Cortez’s men ventured to Baja California. They began to sail north to Alta California and established 21 missions. The expedition to Alta California was the last greatest expansion of Spain’s empire in North America. The missions were a series of religious and military settlements established by the padre. The Spanish constructed the missions to gain control and power over the land in California. San Francisco Solano Mission was the last mission established inRead MoreForeign Minors Tax Of 18521325 Words   |  6 Pagesstated by Governor Bigler was that, â€Å"the state will use its police power to prohibit the immigration of Chinese into California† (p. 81). He also suggested forcing Chinese to pay huge taxes just to be in the state of California and to prohibit contract labor. Every month, every foreign miner who had no wishes of being an American citizen had to pay 3 dollars in taxes. However, this was a bit foolish since Chinese people could not become citizens because in the Naturalization Act of 1790, it stated onlyRead MoreEssay on History of the Prison System3187 Words   |  13 PagesPrison is an institution for the confinement of persons convicted of criminal offenses. Throughout history, most societies have built places in which to hold persons accused of criminal acts pendin g some form of trial. 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Next came Auburn prison which was opened in 1817. In 1821 Auburn prison opened a new wing to their facility. It was builtRead MoreThe And Incarceration Of The American Prison System3791 Words   |  16 Pages The American prison finds its origin in Europe. Like most things American we have adopted and adapted many of our beliefs and customs from our mother land. The punishment of confinement was rare and unheard of in America before Eighteenth century. The English concept of prison and incarceration did not even take root until the late Eighteenth Century (Hirsch, 1992). Now, American’s cannot claim that they invented prisons or the concept of confining criminal offenders within facilities that keepRead MoreThe History of Boot Camps2332 Words   |  10 Pagesthere is an emphasis on hard work, physical training, and unquestioning obedience to authority. The new private is told when to sleep, when to get up and when to eat. He marches with his platoon everywhere he goes such as to meals and to training. Orders must be obeyed instantly and personal liberty is almost nonexistent. By the end of boot camp the new private has become a different person. Such was the hope for boot camp, or shock incarceration, programs in American prisons: that young, nonviolent offendersRead MoreThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1521 Words   |  7 PagesIn Adam Smith’s famous work, The Wealth of Nations, he references the idea of the â€Å"invisible hand† and its influence on the individual. An excerpt from Smith’s renown book reads, â€Å"[E]very individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it . . . he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote

Obesity Is Prevalent Between Children And Adolescents In

Obesity is prevalent between children and adolescents in the United States. Obesity is the second leading cause of death after smoking in the US. It also causes cancer, and it is associated with unhealthy eating and less exercise or physical activity. The concerns of childhood and adolescent obesity include earlier puberty and menarche in girls, type 2 diabetes and increased rate of the metabolic disease in adolescence and adults. Therefore, the rate of obesity has increased in the American children in the last three years. The type 2 diabetes causes anticipated debilitating cardiovascular comorbidities. Some of the children have type 2 diabetes, which leads to dyslipidemia. Therefore, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major public health†¦show more content†¦There are two main factors leading to obesity such as poor nutrition and inadequate physical activity. Moreover, evidence based diabetes prevention programs focus on promoting a healthy lifestyle, healthy eating habits and physical activities. Also, children stay on TV, computers, and video games. These are factors which lead to an increase in diabetes, insufficient access to the right diabetes prevention and management programs, and inadequate healthcare. Obesity is a high risk factor for type 2-diabetes. In recent years, the number of children between the ages of 6-11 years suffering from being overweight doubled and in the age range from 12 to 19 years old***(.2010). Obesity spread from adults to adolescents. It effects a lot of children in the USA because of health care costs and poorer lifestyles. Commonly, cardiovascular screening is recommended for teens, particularly in people with a family record of cardiovascular conditions. Children and youth were once considered to be at low hazard, but with the growing health concerns associated with sedentary life-style, negative eating regimens and weight problems, cardiovascular issues are increasing. Parents should encourage eating fruit and vegetables. Additionally, parents should encourage children to watch 2 hours of TV a day. Parents must remove televisions and computers from bedrooms. One articleShow MoreRelatedDoes Counseling Help Children with Issues of Obesity? Obesity in children is an epidemic that700 Words   |  3 PagesDoes Counseling Help Children with Issues of Obesity? Obesity in children is an epidemic that continues to be a serious problem in our nation. Over the past thirty years, childhood obesity rates in the United States have tripled, and currently, approximately one in three children in the U.S. are overweight or obese. High body mass index (BMI) among children and adolescents is a public health concern in the United States (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Lamb Flegal, 2010). According to the CentersRead MorePoor Nutrition And Lack Of Physical Activity1031 Words   |  5 PagesPoor nutrition and lack of physical activity contribute to the rise of obesity which is leading to many diseases such as diabetes type two, cardiovascular diseases and premature death. A major goal is to reduce obesity by 2020. Many changes are being incorporated at an early age to promote healthy lifestyles. The main focus is getting people to become more active in their daily routines, and to educate them about healthier foods they should consume. According to the Centers for Disease ControlRead MorePrevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesoverweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment and to evaluate changes in the parents’ weight during their child’s treatment (Trier, 2016). The study included the parents of 1,125 children and adolescents (aged 3-22) who were enrolled in a children obesity treatment program. They began by taking the heights and weights of the children and the BMI scores were calculated. After 2.5 years of treatment, the mean weight was taking from the parents of 664 children. The resultsRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay892 Words   |  4 Pages Childhood obesity is becoming a prevalent, and scary reality in the United States. The body mass index (also referred to commonly as the BMI) is calculated by a growth chart developed by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). These charts help to determine the corresponding BMI-Per-Age percentile. These numbers help determine whether a child is at a healthy rate of physical growth. The BMI is calculated from your height and weight. 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Thesis Statement: The main contributors to obesity among adults, but mostly among youth are environmental factors, lack of choosing nutritious meals, portion distortion and the factor that fuels all of these, advertisingRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Condition Of Being Grossly Fat And Overweight937 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity. Childhood Obesity is a condition of being grossly fat and overweight. When someone exceeds a certain weight for a given height they are considered obese. Lifestyle issues such as too little activities and too many calories from drinks are main contributors of childhood obesity. People eat for two reasons and those are either comfort eat or appetite eat. A study have shown that kids who go without breakfast before school are more likely than classmates to be inactive, unfit andRead MoreTechnology Is Making The Citizens Of The World1336 Words   |  6 PagesObesity has dramatically increased due to the progression of technology in the form of currency, entertainment, and the prosperity of our country causing humans to gain weight. As one goes through his or her life they constantly see people with their faces lodged into the screen of the technology they are using. They seem to be lost and oblivious to the outside world. The technology created seems to have a positive effect upon the lives of people around the world, however these false visions overlookRead MoreSocial And Ecological Model Of Public Health1480 Words   |  6 Pagesmodels to the study of adolescent health, it is important to focus on the micro and macro level. We tend to observe or see behaviors at a proximate or intermediate level, and forget that at the distal level, young adults will become adults, and will have more resources and more opportunities to apply and share the positive or negative behaviors to the community. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (2002), approximately 4,000 youths first try smoking between the ages of 12 andRead MoreFast Food Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I think of fast food, I think of children. It is pretty well known that children love fast food. When a child sees those â€Å"golden arcs†, they get a smile that they just can’t contain, and parents get an earful that they might not be able to handle without giving int o the desperate pleas and turning into the parking lot. There is something about that instant gratification you receive when going through the drive-thru of your favorite fast food restaurant, but what happens when the insane amount

Psycholinguistics Definition and Examples

Psycholinguistics is the study of the mental aspects of language and speech. It is primarily concerned with the ways in which language is represented and processed in the brain. A branch of both linguistics and psychology, psycholinguistics is part of the field of cognitive science. Adjective: psycholinguistic. The term psycholinguistics was introduced by American psychologist Jacob Robert Kantor in his 1936 book, An Objective Psychology of Grammar. The term was popularized by one of Kantors students, Nicholas Henry Pronko, in a 1946 article Language and Psycholinguistics: A Review. The emergence of  psycholinguistics as an academic discipline is generally linked to an influential seminar at Cornell University in 1951. Pronunciation: si-ko-lin-GWIS-tiks Also known as: Psychology of language Etymology: From the Greek, mind the Latin, tongue On Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics is  the study of the mental mechanisms that make it possible for people to use language. It is a scientific discipline whose goal is a coherent theory of the way in which language is produced and understood, says Alan Garnham in his book, Psycholinguistics: Central Topics. Two Key Questions According to David Carrol in Psychology of Language, At its heart, psycholinguistic work consists of two questions. One is, What knowledge of language is needed for us to use language? In a sense, we must know a language to use it, but we are not always fully aware of this knowledge.... The other primary psycholinguistic question is, What cognitive processes are involved in the ordinary use of language? By ordinary use of language, I mean such things as understanding a lecture, reading a book, writing a letter, and holding a conversation. By cognitive processes, I mean processes such as perception, memory, and thinking. Although we do few things as often or as easily as speaking and listening, we will find that considerable cognitive processing is going on during those activities. How Language Is Done In the book, Contemporary Linguistics, linguistics expert William OGrady explains, Psycholinguists study how word meaning, sentence meaning, and discourse meaning are computed and represented in the mind. They study how complex words and sentences are composed in speech and how they are broken down into their constituents in the acts of listening and reading. In short, psycholinguists seek to understand how language is done... In general, psycholinguistic studies have revealed that many of the concepts employed in the analysis of sound structure, word structure, and sentence structure also play a role in language processing. However, an account of language processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of human processing to enable language production and comprehension. An Interdisciplinary Field Psycholinguistics... draws on ideas and knowledge from a number of associated areas, such as phonetics, semantics, and pure linguistics. There is a constant exchange of information between psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics, who study how language is represented in the brain. There are also close links with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in language processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that can turn speech into writing and programs that can recognize the human voice, says John Field in Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. On Psycholinguistics and Neuroimaging According to Friedmann Pulvermà ¼ller in Word Processing in the Brain as Revealed by Neurophysiological Imaging, Psycholinguistics has classically focused on button press tasks and reaction time experiments from which cognitive processes are being inferred. The advent of neuroimaging opened new research perspectives for the psycholinguist as it became possible to look at the neuronal mass activity that underlies language processing. Studies of brain correlates of psycholinguistic processes can complement behavioral results, and in some cases...can lead to direct information about the basis of psycholinguistic processes. Sources Carroll, David.  Psychology of Language. 5th ed., Thomson, 2008. Field, John. Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2003. Garnham, Alan. Psycholinguistics: Central Topics. Methuen, 1985. Kantor, Jacob Robert. An Objective Psychology of Grammar. Indiana University, 1936. O’Grady, William, et al., Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. 4th ed., Bedford/St. Martins, 2001. Pronko, Nicholas Henry. Language and Psycholinguistics: A Review. Psychological Bulletin, vol. 43, May 1946, pp. 189-239. Pulvermà ¼ller, Friedmann. Word Processing in the Brain as Revealed by Neurophysiological Imaging. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. Edited by M. Gareth Gaskell. Oxford University Press, 2007.

Relationship Between Customers And Employees At Caje And...

Introduction: The focus of my study will be examining the relationships between customers and employees at CAJÉ and what behavioral patterns customers conduct when reacting with one another. I will be looking at the motivations behind customers to go to CAJÉ and the sense of trust that strangers share with one another while at the Cafà ©. I wanted to ask why students are more inclined to trust others to watch their belongings while they leave the CAJÉ? Additionally, what motivates people to go to CAJÉ? Methods: In order to collect my data, I practiced participant-observation through going to CAJÉ and sitting at various tables each time. I took typed up observations on my computer which looked similar to studying, helping me immerse†¦show more content†¦During my participant-observation I chose to ask a female student if I could sit across from her. She told me of course. A few minutes later she asked if I would watch her belongings which included her laptop and background, while she quickly used the restroom. Over the course of the hours I sat there I noticed that a few other students asked others to watch their stuff. When interviewing an student employee she told me that â€Å"I leave my stuff at a table and will leave for up to an hour and nothing bad has ever happened to any of my things†. Students come to CAJÉ for various reasons. The majority of come to CAJÉ because they enjoy doing school work there, it’s a good meeting spot, friendly staff, to socialize, good coffee green tea matcha. During one of my interviews, the interviewee stated that â€Å"I love to study at CAJÉ, but I can never really expect to get a significant amount of work done. I always get distracted by everyone I know there†. I observed the majority of the students in the cafà © were on their laptops and what appeared to be studying. At closer observation I noticed many were procrastinating through texting or web surfing. Nearly all of the students had their earphones in while studying, regardless of the music that was being played from CAJÉ’s speakers. The other sounds that you could hear was the blender, the tapping of the portafilter (used for

Macroeconomics Living Standards Free Essays

1.   Define the GDP price index.   Identify the person(s) who gave this idea. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics Living Standards or any similar topic only for you Order Now A GDP price index is a measure of the price of a specified collection of goods and services in a given year as compared to the price of an identical or highly similar collection of goods and services in a reference year. William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) provided the earliest contribution to the development of index numbers. Later Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874-1948) contributed broader efforts to gather statistical data and improve economists’ ability to assess economic well-being. 2. Define find the concept and measurement of `Business Cycles. Identify the person(s) who gave this idea. Economy normally goes through a series of cycles, of booms and depressions condition. For example, a slowing business activity may undergo revival activity which in turn results in business prosperity, prosperity then may breed economic crisis, economic crisis then leads to depression, after a long period of depression it may then go back to some revival activity which goes back to the same cycle. Business cycles could represent the most serious of economic instability. Survey data and cyclical indicators are the most effective measurements of business cycles. This would allow prediction of economic crisis for prevention purposes. The economist who contributed the most to this idea of business cycles is Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874-1948).   John Maynard Keynes formalized the analysis of business cycles. 3. Define the idea of `real interest rates’. Identify the person(s) who gave this idea. The â€Å"real interest rate† is calculated from the nominal rate of interest, adjusted for compounding, minus the inflation rate. Real interest rate is will depend primarily on the volatile inflation rates which poses some risk on borrowers and lenders. The person who gave meaning to ‘real interest rates’ was Irving Fisher (1867-1947). The increase in nominal interest rates in anticipation of inflation is even called as â€Å"Fisher Effect† because of his contribution. 4. Indicate who first advanced the modern theory of business cycles and where he taught. John Maynard Keynes contributed the most on the advancement of modern theory of business cycles. He lectured in Cambridge. References: C. MacConnell, S. Brue (2005). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies, 16/e. Origins of Idea (Chapter 7). Retrieved January 7, 2007 from http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072819359/student_view0/chapter7/origin_of_the_idea.html C. MacConnell, S. Brue (2005). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies, 16/e. Origins of Idea (Chapter 8). Retrieved January 19, 2007 from http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072819359/student_view0/chapter8/origin_of_the_idea.html How to cite Macroeconomics Living Standards, Essay examples

Law Corporation free essay sample

This does not mean that he/she cannot hire employees and/or have someone ‘manage’ the business. The final line is though; the owners’ decisions are the final word. | A sole proprietorship dissolves upon the owners’ death or selling of the business. Even if the spouse or other person is given rights to operate the business after the owners’ death, a new sole proprietorship has legally been started. | Owners of sole proprietorships are going to have a difficult time acquiring capital for the business. Such as a member deciding they do not want to be in the company any longer| Limited liability companies have a great deal of access for capital. An LLC has more of a chance because of the owner’s personal property not being in the equation. | The LLC does not pay taxes itself. The taxes are paid through the partners of the entity. The basis is the investment percentage that each owner has is what percentage each owner reports. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Corporation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | C Corporation| There can be numerous owners as the owners are considered as shareholders. Usually the individual who holds the majority of the shares would be considered the individual who has control and therefore could be considered as the only owner. The key benefit of it is that the business owners and their assets are protected from liability for business debts and judgments. Shareholders of an S corporation may consist of estates and trusts, which is not allowable for a sole proprietorship. Owners of an S corporation must be citizens or resident aliens of the United States. | When you enter into business debt with your S corporation, you do not have personal liability for it. One of the advantages of incorporating your business is that it provides you with limited personal liability. When you incorporate your business, it creates a separate business entity. Because of this, debts accumulated in the name of the business are not your own debts. This means that creditors cannot file lawsuits against you personally or come after your assets. | | No. The majority of the companys shareholders must agree to dissolve an S corporation.

Bullying Debut Albums and Big Idea free essay sample

I have to write an argumentative essay about a big idea. My paper is on how parents can help to stop and prevent bullying. My big idea that I am completing is a blob that offers a lot of information along with links to resources. I have my final due in two weeks but this week we have to revise our opening and closing statements and I do not know where to strap and could really use some help.Introduction: The saying, if sticks and stones will break my bones, but words will never hurt me was ever true, it sure isnt true today (Gaul, 2010). Bullying in and out of schools is getting out of control. Statistics have shown that one third of teens are bullied at school and 4 percent also report that they were also victims of cyber bullying (Bullying Statistics, 2009). Parents really need to take a stand against bullying to help prevent it and to stop it. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying: Debut Albums and Big Idea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We as parents need to be a part of the solution, not the problem. Conclusion: No matter what end of the bullying your child Is on, you need to make sure that you are doing your part to prevent and stop this. Bullying is a serious matter, weather we like it or not. If you do not think that you can handle the situation on your own, there is no harm In asking for help. You can find help In a variety of places, even with In your own family.

Analysis of North and South by Elisabeth Gaskell Essays

Analysis of North and South by Elisabeth Gaskell Essays Analysis of North and South by Elisabeth Gaskell Essay Analysis of North and South by Elisabeth Gaskell Essay Galleys novel comes to term with the loss of an idealized rural past, and the ascendancy of the urban. The book has It all: class conflict, policy, religion, womans right, society. Through the story of Margaret Hale, the middle-class Ethernet who moves to the northern industrial town of Milton, Seashell skillfully explores issues of class and gender in the conflict between Margaritas ready sympathy with the workers and her growing attraction to the charismatic mill owner, John Thornton. Although we have quite a few themes to examine In the Victorian age. The working class people, north and south division, class and gender issues will be elaborated especially. It was In Queen Victorians reign that merchants, manufacturers and bankers started to gain political power, and began to exert pressure on the legislative body, he Parliament. We can understand the gravity of the situation through some professional information. Furthermore, Many of the established landed elite not only prospered through the effects of general economic expansion on their estates, which generated buoyant incomes and capital appreciation that were welcome financial sustenance in keeping up their position, but also themselves formed part of the leading edge of economic development by undertaking or encouraging the building of docks, harbors, railways, mines, or housing estates. They did not, therefore, present a blankly hostile OFF or Allen race to ten capitals entrepreneurs, even IT no memoir AT ten relocate would have cared to be classed as a businessman (153). The condition of working and middle class people can be learned from both novels like Galleys and other books examining that time. As Rutgers states in his book; Working class people could make upward or downward movement within their class only. Movement from working class to middle class was almost impossible. Again, the social mobility depended on education. For many working class families, however, education was a luxury. The system of that time is also stated by Mr.. Thornton and Mr.. Hale when they all sit including Margaret; Mr.. Hale states Is there a necessity for calling it a battle between the two classed? And Mr.. Thornton answers It is true ; and I believe it to be as much a necessity as that prudent wisdom and good conduct are always opposed to, and doing battle with, ignorance and improvidence. It is one of the greatest beauties of our system, that a working-man may raise himself into the power and position of a master by his exertions and behavior ; that, in fact, every one who rules himself to decency and variety of conduct and attention to his duties, comes over to our ranks ; it may not be always as a master, but as an overlooked, a cashier, a book keeper, a clerk, one on the side of authority and order'(96). Another theme to argue is gender in North and South In recent years, psychologists and historians have been exploring gender and its effect both men and masculinity should be approached as femininity is. We can see clear examples of this issue in the novel. Mr.. Thornton states that I take it that gentleman is a term that only describes a person in his legislation to others ; but when we speak of him as a man, we consider him not merely with regard to his fellow-men, but in relation to himself-to life-to time-to eternity. A castaway, lonely as Robinson Crusoe- a prisoner immured in a dungeon for life-nay, even a saint in Pathos, has his endurance, his strength, his faith, best described by being spoken of as a man I am rather weary of this word gentlemanly, which seems to me to be often inappropriately used, and often, too, with such exaggerated distortion of meaning, while the full simplicity of the noun man, and the adjective manly, is unacknowledged?that I am induced to class it with the cant of the day (194). And as Ginger S. Frost states in her book Courtship, Class and Gender in Victorian England men were expected to be brave, facing the consequences of their actions. For one thing, men were cowardly to refuse go through with bargain (42). And in the same book she says probably the most interesting insight into masculinity from breach-of-promise cases was the courts reaction to male sexuality. Once a man had sex with a woman, he was responsible for her. In this way the action undermined the harsh Victorian strictures on female chastity (44). We can say that the possible marriage between John and Margaret could be affected by all the gender and social Issues. The last theme we will examine is the north and south divide, while analyzing the social, intellectual and artistic developments in Victorian Britain, we must mainly think of the Industrial Revolution, the economic factors and the rise of the middle classes which radically altered the means of production, the politics, the customs, and culture. In a conversation between Mr.. Higgins and Margaret, she states; You must not go to South said Margaret, for all that. You could not stand You would not bear the dullness of the life; you dont know what it is; it would eat you away like rust. Those that have live there all their lives are used to soaking in the stagnant water. They labor on from day to day, in the great solitude of steaming fields-never speaking of lifting up their poor, bent, downcast heads. The hard spade- work robs their brain of life; the sameness of their toil deadens their imagination; hey dont care to meet to talk over thoughts and speculations, even the weakest, wildest kind, after their work is done; they go home brutishly tired, poor creatures! Caring for nothing but food and rest. You could not stir them up any companionship, which you get in a town as plentiful as the air you breathe, whether it be good or bad (364). In the novel, John works hard to earn the respect of his workers and tries to comprehend the life conditions. This is probably a good idea because Karl Adamant states in his book As the inner city grew more congested, the homes of the manufacturers and merchants, no longer used as places of business, migrated up the hillsides in order to escape the filth disease and noise of the city(103). Consequently, we can say that Elizabeth Seashell combines the themes of that time brilliantly and renders the issues visible for all trying to figure out Victorian Era. Primary Source: Seashell, Clincher Elizabeth. North and South. Oxford University: Chapman and Hall, 1855. Secondary Sources: Frost, Ginger Suzanne.

Free Essays on Internet Communication

â€Å"It is the sense of Congress that providers of electronic communications services and manufacturers of electronic communications service equipment shall ensure that communications systems permit the government to obtain the plaintext contents of voice, data, and other communications when appropriately authorized by law.† (Baase, 2003) This excerpt was initially taken from Senate Bill 266 in 1991 and articulates the goal of governmental agencies since that time. The U.S. Government has since tried to pass legislation to control the encryption used by software manufacturers relating to information communicated over the internet. Through research and analysis I will define the encryption standards, explore the legislation that the government is trying to put in place and determine if government involvement in encryption standards is if fact necessary. Encryption is defined as a process of translating a message, called the Plaintext, into an encoded message, called the Ciphertext. The Ciphertext is encoded text, after it has been passed through an Encryption algorithm and is the product of Plaintext after Encryption. A Cipher is a computer software algorithm used for Encryption. Encryption is usually accomplished using a secret key and a cryptographic Cipher. Two basic types of Encryption that are commonly used are Symmetric Encryption, where a single secret key is used for both encryption and decryption or Asymmetric Encryption, where a pair of keys is used, one for Encryption and the other for Decryption. The first encryption algorithm to be developed was known as DES and was presented by IBM to the National Security Agency (NSA) for review and approval in the 1970’s. â€Å"The National Security Agency (NSA) was formed in 1952 by a secret presidential order.† (Baase, 2003) Using the most powerful computers in the world, the NSA is responsible for monitoring communications between the U.S. and other countries. DES, a conve... Free Essays on Internet Communication Free Essays on Internet Communication â€Å"It is the sense of Congress that providers of electronic communications services and manufacturers of electronic communications service equipment shall ensure that communications systems permit the government to obtain the plaintext contents of voice, data, and other communications when appropriately authorized by law.† (Baase, 2003) This excerpt was initially taken from Senate Bill 266 in 1991 and articulates the goal of governmental agencies since that time. The U.S. Government has since tried to pass legislation to control the encryption used by software manufacturers relating to information communicated over the internet. Through research and analysis I will define the encryption standards, explore the legislation that the government is trying to put in place and determine if government involvement in encryption standards is if fact necessary. Encryption is defined as a process of translating a message, called the Plaintext, into an encoded message, called the Ciphertext. The Ciphertext is encoded text, after it has been passed through an Encryption algorithm and is the product of Plaintext after Encryption. A Cipher is a computer software algorithm used for Encryption. Encryption is usually accomplished using a secret key and a cryptographic Cipher. Two basic types of Encryption that are commonly used are Symmetric Encryption, where a single secret key is used for both encryption and decryption or Asymmetric Encryption, where a pair of keys is used, one for Encryption and the other for Decryption. The first encryption algorithm to be developed was known as DES and was presented by IBM to the National Security Agency (NSA) for review and approval in the 1970’s. â€Å"The National Security Agency (NSA) was formed in 1952 by a secret presidential order.† (Baase, 2003) Using the most powerful computers in the world, the NSA is responsible for monitoring communications between the U.S. and other countries. DES, a conve...

Vicale Had Propelled His Business above Other Potential Competitors in Essay

Vicale Had Propelled His Business above Other Potential Competitors in the Market - Essay Example The studies represented by the case study are descriptive and survey studies. In study data retrieved from the research is used to make conclusions and decision-making purposes on the report. From the case study, Vicale’s hobby was transformed into a business that rapidly grew due to the research he carried out on the modern day action figures. The constant demand for action figures from friends and visitors to his office, and with the research he conducted on the internet increased his urgency to start the business. Exploratory research conducted enabled him to evaluate the potential market for his goods. He was able to compare his product to the products available in the market. He found that his products were unique and easy to manufacture compared to other products. The competitive advantage Vicale had propelled his business above other potential competitors in the market. His products were modern day heroes compared to the conventional fictional heroes in supernatural sto ries. Their uniqueness enables Vicale to have a competitive product for his e-commerce business (Cooper & Schindler, 2010). The first step is the identification of the business idea to be researched. The creation of action figures was Vicale’s hobby and he had made some for himself before friends urged him to make more. The research question thus arises on the clientele that would buy the product produced by Vicale. Vicale decided to search the internet as his first source of information due to its accessibility. From the internet, he discovered that many companies were in the market producing similar products. The difference was the end product and the technology used. The action figures produced by Vicale were easy to produce because the action figure heads were fitted on a uniform body. He later expanded his sample size by taking his research to the market. In the market, he found that most of the toys in stores were action figures. The action figures had a high market compared to other toys on the market and they could suit both genders. Implementation of his findings is the final step in Vical e’s research where he evaluates his findings and implements (Cooper & Schindler, 2010).

See instructions below CJ220 wk 5 Research Paper

See instructions below CJ220 wk 5 - Research Paper Example Previously, in the early times of policing, officers were not well paid by their respectful departments. The plea of policing lay in the prospect to benefit from the corruption and gratuities that were presented to the police. During the â€Å"professional period,† ranging from 1920-960, this practice distorted. Through the initiative of police unions and the creation of other civil service transformation, police officers received benefits and better pay. This made some changes in this sector. Police officers who may probably fall into the corruption temptation (especially those on drug details and vice) should be routinely transferred to different beats or assignments. The disadvantage of this measure is that it can demolish the human resource expertise, which has been accrued by specific officers. To avoid this loss, administrators only alter a handful of police officers in specific considerations in each rotation. This department exists to ratify a measure of responsibility and quality control on actions of police officers. The department attains information by civilian review boards, criminal investigation of police officers, and public complaints. The creation of correctly functioning internal affairs unit lessens the frequency hiring of corrupt police personnel. These units are restricted solely by resources at their disposal and by the administrators’ relationships with the police

Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay

Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay INTRODUCTION DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes is a syndrome that is caused by a relative or an absolute lack of insulin. It is characterized by symptomatic glucose intolerance as well as alterations in lipid and protein metabolism. Over the long term, these metabolic abnormalities, particularly hyperglycemia, contribute to the development of complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Approximately 5% to 10% of the diagnosed diabetic population has type 1 diabetes mellitus (Koda-Kimble et al., 2005). Most of the diabetic patients have type 2 diabetes mellitus, a heterogeneous disorder that is characterized by obesity, ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction, resistance to insulin action, and increased hepatic glucose production. 1.2 PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease and is no longer an epidemic that can be ignored. It is confirmed that diabetes is increasing rapidly in every parts of the world (IDF, 2009). The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030 (Wild et al., 2004). In South-East Asia region, the number of people with diabetes will reach 101.0 million by year 2030 which show an increase of 72.1% compared to 58.7 million in year 2010 (IDF, 2009). While in Western Pacific region, the number of people with diabetes will reach 112.8 million people by year 2030 compared to 76.7 million people in year 2010, which show an increase of 47.0%. WHO predicts that in Asia and Australia region the prevalence of diabetic will reach 190.5 million in year 2030 (WHO, 2004). Similarly in Malaysia, the diabetes epidemic shows an increase trend over the years. The number of people with diabetes will increase to 2.74 million by year 2025 compared to 1.53 million in year 2007. The national prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 12.3% in year 2025 (IDF, 2009). Approximately 1.2 million people in Malaysia have diabetes and more than half of them are not aware of it. The third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) shows that there was an increasing trend in prevalence with age; from 2 percent in the 18-19 years old to an alarming prevalence ranging between 20.8 to 26.2 percent among those 50-64 years old. Those with primary education or less have a higher prevalence. The national prevalence of known and newly diagnosed diabetes above 30 years old rose from 8.3 percent in NHMS II to 14.9 percent in NHMS III. This shows that the prevalence of diabetes has increased by 80 percent over a decade with an average of 8 percent per year. The diabetes in Malaysia has almost doubled in magnitude over the last decade (NHMSIII, 2006). The main factors that contribute towards the increase in the risk of diabetes are socioeconomic influences, BMI, effects of urbanization, and familial aggregation. In socioeconomic influences, it shows that lower educational status and the lack of health care facilities in the rural areas delay the diagnosis of diabetes. More than 70% of diabetes subjects in India remain undiagnosed in rural area (Deo et al., 2006). Moreover, this study also observed that people of the lower socioeconomic status had lower BMI. Furthermore, urbanization leads to unhealthy lifestyle changes which affect the metabolic changes. The high prevalence of diabetes also found associated with increasing family history of diabetes. High prevalence of diabetes in the first degree relatives which is commonly seen in Asian Indians (Deo et al., 2006). A comparative epidemiology study was conducted among Japanese immigrants in United States living around Hawaii and Los Angeles and among Japanese living in Hiroshima. Results showed that the Japanese who lives in United States are in higher prevalence of getting diabetes compared to the Japanese in Hiroshima due to the westernized lifestyle (Hara et al., 2004). 1.3 COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will leads to multiple complications. In Malaysia, only 6.1% among the 30 49 year age groups of diabetes mellitus patients were under control. This reflects the lack of concern for risks and complications among the young patients. A total of 1 in 4 diabetics in the 30-39 age group already show complications of the disease (Chua, 2006). Moreover, patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, regardless of the type of diabetes, exhibit significantly increased odds of surgical and systemic complications, higher mortality and increased length of stay during hospitalization (Marchant et al., 2009). Individuals with pre-diabetes, undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, and long-lasting type 2 diabetes are at high risk of all complications of macrovascular disease, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (Laakso, 2010). Moreover, M Lgaakso also indicates that more than 70% of type 2 diabetes patients die of cardiovascular causes. Hence, the epidemic of type 2 diabetes followed by an epidemic of diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Diabetes patients present a two to four time greater risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) than non-diabetes individuals (Protopsaltis et al., 2004). The data obtained from UKPDS 23 indicated that for each 1% increment of HbA1c there was a 1.11-fold increased risk of CAD, whereas for each 1-mmol/l increment in LDL concentration, there was a 1.57-fold increased risk. A study carried out among African American with diabetes showed that the major risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and smoking are important determinants of CVD in African Americans with diabetes. Moreover, other blood markers of hemostasis or inflammatory response and elevated serum creatinine proved to be CVD risk factors in African Americans with diabetes (Adeniyi et al., 2002). Retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes, which results in blindness for over 10,000 people with diabetes per year (Fong et al., 2004). A study done among Australian population showed that the prevalence of retinopathy was 21.9% among known type 2 diabetes and 6.2% in those newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Generally, 15.3% of diabetes patients have retinopathy (Tapp et al., 2003). A prospective cohort study showed that the presence of diabetic retinopathy was associated with a two-fold higher risk of incident CHD events and a three-fold higher risk of fatal CHD (Cheung et al., 2007). Hence, the microvascular diseases do play a role in the pathogenesis of CHD in diabetes. Amputation is one of the major complications that should be taken into consideration among diabetes patients. Diabetes is the cause of 50 % of all the non-traumatic amputations in the United States. Among all the diabetic amputations, 24 % amputations are the toe, 5.8 % are mid foot, 38 % are below the knee, and 21.4 % are above the knee, and the remaining 10 % include the hip, pelvis, knee and other sites (Levin, 2002). One study reported an 8 % increase in amputations from 61 of 10,000 patients with diabetes in 1990 to 66 of 10,000 patients with diabetes in 1995. After diabetic patients undergo amputation, their risk of developing a foot ulcer or of requiring a second amputation increases dramatically. A total of 50 % of patients with diabetes die within 5 years after amputation (Peters et al., 2001). In Malaysia, among 203 patients that underwent amputation, 66 % of the patients were diabetics and amputations performed were related to diabetic foot conditions. Among them, 17.2 % patients underwent above knee amputation, 32.8 % underwent below knee amputation and 50 % underwent local foot amputation. About 59 % patients underwent amputation due to diabetic complication were less than 60 years old (Yusof et al., 2007). A study done involving Korean type 2 diabetic patients showed that the HbA1c is significantly associated with carotid plaque and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (Choi et al., 2010). A cross sectional study was conducted, and it shows that the glycemic control was poor with 53.6% of the patients having HbA1c above 8% and 24% of them had microalbuminuria (Chan et al., 2005). 1.4 MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS 1.4.1 Controlling Glycemic Level Tight control of blood glucose levels offers primary and secondary prevention for the development of diabetic kidney disease (Stanton, 2008). By lowering glycated hemoglobin value to 6.5% or less, a 10% relative reduction was observed in the combined outcome of major macrovascular and microvascular events. Moreover, there was also a 21% relative reduction in nephropathy (Patel et al., 2008). A study carried out in the United Kingdom showed that intensive blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes patients significantly increased the cost of treatment, but the cost of complication was reduced and increased the time free of complication (Gray et al., 2000). Although good controlling on blood glucose will benefit the diabetes patients, the potential benefits of glycemic control must be balanced against factors that either preempt benefits (limited life expectancy, comorbid disease) or increase risk (severe hypoglycemia, weight gain) (Woolf et al., 2000). 1.4.2 Pharmacological Treatment According to the Malaysian Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 4th Edition (2009), the first line therapy for oral agent is Metformin, while other oral agents are acceptable as alternatives. However, usage of Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) has been found to have greater durability in glycemic control compared to Metformin and Sulphonylurea (SU). Currently there are five classes of oral hypoglycemic agents, which include ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs), Biguanides, Dipeptidyl petptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, Insulin Secretagogues (Sulphonylurea and Non-Sulphonylurea / Meglitnides) and Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Factors that are taken into consideration when selecting the treatment include the patients clinical characteristics, such as degree of hyperglycemia, weight and renal function (Walker and Whittlesea, 2007). Scheen and Lefebvre (1998) suggested that the selection of oral antihyperglycemic agents as first-line drugs or combination therapy should be based on both pharmacological properties of the compound (efficacy and safety) and the clinical characteristics of the patient (stage of disease, body weight). Furthermore, each antihyperglycemic agent may also be combined with insulin therapy to improve glycemic control after secondary failure to oral treatment. A systemic review on the effectiveness and safety of oral antihyperglycemic agents showed that most oral agents improved glycemic control to the same degree as sulfonylureas, though nateglinide and ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitors may have slightly weaker effect (Bolen et al., 2007). Other than that, this review also showed that most agents other than metformin increased body weight by 1 to 5 kg. In terms of safety, sulphonylureas and repaglinides were associated with greater risk for hypoglycemia, thiazolidinediones with greater risk for heart failure and metformin with greater risk for gastrointestinal problems. Another systemic review and meta analysis on the effect of oral hypoglycemic agents on HbA1c levels showed that most OHAs lowered HbA1c levels by 0.5 to 1.25 % whereas thiazolidinediones and sulfonylureas lowered HbA1c levels by 1.0 to 1.25 % (Sherifali et al., 2010). This review also concluded that the benefit of initiating an OHA is most apparent within the first 4 to 6 months . A meta analysis on comparison of different drugs as add-on treatment to metformin in type 2 diabetes showed that sulphonylureas, ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones induced reduction of HbA1c of 0.85, 0.61 and 0.42 respectively (Monami et al., 2007). In direct comparisons, sulphonylureas induced a greater reduction of HbA1c than thiazolidinediones. For the treatment with ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) acarbose, a meta-analysis showed favourable trends towards risk reduction for myocardial infarction and any cardiovascular event (Hanefeld et al., 2004). The meta-analysis also revealed that acarbose treatment also significantly improved glycemic control, triglyceride levels, body weight and systolic blood pressure. 1.4.3 Non Pharmacological Treatment Exercise Exercise plays an important therapeutic role in the management of type 2 diabetes and usually is prescribed along with dietary therapy and pharmacologic therapy. The benefits of exercise are observed through the lowering of blood glucose concentration during and after exercise (Najim, 2008). Physical activities are able to reduce the risk of progression from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 58% (Sigal et al., 2006). There is evidence that showed the relation between the exercise and the HbA1c level, where exercise training reduced HbA1c by an amount that should decrease the risk of diabetic complications (Boule et al., 2001). b. Dietary Control Obesity and weight gain contributes to the development of diabetes. The impact of obesity will put the diabetic patients on risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (Anderson et al., 2003). Hence, decreasing the weight will decrease the risk for developing diabetes. Despite that, glycemic control also will be well controlled. A meta-analysis on restricted-carbohydrate diets in type 2 diabetic patients showed that there is an improvement in HbA1c, fasting glucose, and some lipid fractions (triglycerides) with lower carbohydrate-content diets (Kirk et al., 2008). A study conducted to assess the effects of high dietary fiber intake in type 2 diabetic patient shows that high intake of dietary fiber, particularly the soluble type, improves glycemic control, decreases hyperinsulinemia and also lowers plasma lipid concentrations (Chandalia et al., 2000). The Malaysian Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 4th Edition (2009) suggests that a balanced diet consist ing of 50-60% (Carbohydrate), 15-20% (Protein) and 25-30% (Fats) are encouraged. However, these recommendations must be individualized based on glucose and lipid goals. 1.5 MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE In United States, there is an estimated of 99 million Americans living with a chronic illness. This becomes one of the major challenges faced by the U.S. health care system today and in the future. However, the defining features of primary care which includes continuity, coordination and comprehensiveness, are well suited to the care of chronic illness (Rothman and Wagner, 2003). In the WHOs World Health Report 2008: Primary Health Care Now More Than Ever shows that the primary-care team becomes the mediator between the community and the other levels of the health system, helping people navigating through the maze of health services and mobilizing the support of other facilities by referring patients or calling on the support of specialized services (WHO, 2008). Evidence has shown that with a better primary care, especially coordination of care could reduce avoidable hospitalization rates, especially for individuals with multiple chronic conditions (Wolff et al., 2002). In Thailand, the patient satisfaction toward primary care units has improved when compared to public hospitals out-patients-department. An evolutionary change, as the patients in Thailand started to have confidence in local facilities such as primary care units for monitoring of chronic diseases (Pongsupap et al., 2005). 1.5.1 The Management of Chronic Diseases in Primary Health Care Centers in Malaysia Chronic diseases are the major cause of death and disability in Malaysia, accounted for 71% of all deaths and 69% of the total burden of disease. Preliminary data from Malaysian Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Surveillance 2005/06 estimated that approximately 11.6 million Malaysian adults aged 25-64 years were having at least one risk factor for chronic diseases and only about 3% did not have any risk factor. (Ramli and Taher, 2008). A study carried in an urban primary health care setting in Sarawak shows that the poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 7.5%) is about 38%. Wong and Rahimah (2004) suggested that reasonable glycemic control can be achieved in the primary health care setting in Sarawak. A study was carried out to evaluate the status of diabetes care and prevalence of diabetic complications among the diabetic patients in primary private health care Malaysia. Majority of diabetic patients treated at the primary care level were not satisfactorily controlled and were associated with a high prevalence of complications (Mafauzy, 2005). Hence, there is a need on putting on more efforts in order to achieve clinical targets. 1.6 MEDICATION ADHERENCE A literature review showed that the adherence rates for patients with type 2 diabetes have ranged from 65 % to 85% for OHA and 60 % to 80 % for insulin (Kenreigh and Wagner, 2005). A survey was done in the United States to assess medication adherence, knowledge of therapeutic goals and goal attainment for adult patient with diabetic. The result showed that 48 % of patients were medication non-adherent and most frequently reported reasons for non-adherence were forgetfulness (34 %) and too expensive (14 %). This study also shows that the patients at HbA1c goal were more adherent than patients not at goal (Whitley et al., 2006). A study was carried out by Tan and Judy, on self-care practices of Malaysian adults with diabetes and sub-optimal glycaemic control. The result showed that only 53 % subjects scored below 50 % in their diabetes-related knowledge, subjects with medication non-adherence, 46 % tended to have higher fasting blood glucose levels and only 15 % of the subjects practiced SMBG (Tan and Judy, 2008). Patients which non adherent to the drug regimen was found to be at higher risk of hospitalization. The study on this showed that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not obtained at least 80% of their antihyperglycemic medications across a year were at a higher risk of hospitalization in the following year (Lau and Nau, 2004). 1.6.1 Factor Affecting Non-Adherence in Diabetes Mellitus Drug non-adherence is a major concern in patient management, especially in individuals with diabetes, which makes the glycemic control difficult to attain. Adisa et al. (2009) stated that the commonly cited intentional nonadherence practice included dose omission, 70.2%. Almost 50 % respondents were fed up with daily ingestion of drugs and 19.8% of the respondents stated that it was inconvenient to take the medications outside. Furthermore, forgetfulness (49.6%) and high cost of medication (35.5%) were also reasons for non adherence. Another factor that influenced the non adherence were patient-related factors (96%) and health care system-related factors (79%) (Ratsep et al., 2007). Ratsep et al. stated that the patient-related factors include patients awareness regarding diabetes and its complications, patients motivation to change their lifestyle, non-compliance with medical regimen, patients financial problems and their non-attendance. Health care system-related factors include th e lack of special diabetes education for nurses, underfunding and an inadequate number of patients educational materials. 1.7 PHARMACISTS INTERVENTION Health coaching which relies on frequent contact and ongoing intervention has emerged in recent years as part of disease management initiatives (Melko et al., 2010). This has been promoted as an effective method for improving health outcomes and patient compliance with medication. A pilot study done by Melko et al. (2010) has shown that health coaching combined with tools do increased medication adherence. In United States, the adherence to OHA therapy ranged from 36 to 93 % in patients remaining on treatment for 6 to 24 months. Electronic monitoring identified poor compliers for interventions that improved adherence,61 to 79 % (Cramer, 2004). A study has shown that, HbA1c levels decreased significantly in the intervention group after the 4th month and remained lower than in the control group until the 12th month (Scain et al., 2009). Moreover, a decreased of HbA1c by 0.16% was observed with each 10% increased in drug adherence (Schectman et al., 2001). With every 1 % reduction in updated mean HbA1c was associated with reductions in risk of 21 % for any end point related to diabetes, 21 % for deaths related to diabetes, 14 % for myocardial infarction and 37 % for microvascular complications (Stratton et al., 2000). A review of the literature on the role of pharmacists indicates that there is a potential benefit of pharmacist interventions to improve medication adherence in diabetes, especially focusing in providing patient education (Lindenmeyer et al., 2006). A study on Latino patients with uncontrolled diabetes (Hemogloblin A1c ≠¥ 8.0%) showed that intervention from the pharmacist and health promoter team management of uncontrolled diabetes appears to be a feasible approach in order to improve the medication management (Gerber et al., 2009). Marcio Machado and his team found that there is a significant reduction in HbA1c levels in the pharmacists intervention group but not in the control group which is without pharmacists intervention (Machado et al., 2007). In the journal which discussed the role of pharmaceutical care in diabetes management, there were evidences suggesting that the pharmacists efforts in optimizing the pharmacotherapy can prove a valuable component in community-based multi disciplinary diabetes care (Davis et al., 2005). A meta analysis carried out by Conn et al. (2009) which investigated the effectiveness of interventions to improve medication adherence in older adults suggests that interventions increase medication adherence in older adults. The types of interventions include pill count, electronic medication -event monitoring device (MEMS), diabetes education, medication counseling, monitoring and insulin initiation and/or adjustments. In comparison of MEMS and pill count, MEMS data resulted in different numbers and types of recommendations than pill counts (Matsuyama et al., 1993). Hence, the pharmacists then could make specific recommendation regarding patient educations. A Cochrane review stated that almost all of the interventions that were effective for long term care were complex, which include combinations of more convenient care, information, reminders, self-monitoring, reinforcement, counseling, family therapy, psychological therapy, crisis intervention, manual telephone follow-up and supportive care (Haynes et al., 2008). However, there is no conclusion about the effectiveness of the interventions that could lead to large improvement in adherence and treatment outcomes. An earlier meta analysis of studies conducted reported that chronic disease patients including those with diabetes and hypertension, as well as cancer patients and those with mental health problems benefited from interventions such as prescription refills, pill counts and electronic monitoring (Roter et al., 1998). 1.8 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The primary health care settings play an important role in primary steps in order to prevent the development of chronic diseases. In Malaysia, there were a number of people who have chronic diseases that received treatment in the primary health care settings. Hence, research should be carried out in order to assess the medication adherence among diabetic patients in the primary care settings in order to achieve better therapeutic outcome. 1.8.1 General Objective To assess the impact of pharmacist counseling on medication adherence among the diabetic patients in primary care centre 1.8.2 Specific Objectives To assess patients blood glucose level and knowledge, before and after counseling. To evaluate patients medication adherence, before and after intervention. To correlate the medication adherence with counseling.